改型Wollaston棱镜干涉光谱仪的调制度研究

改型Wollaston棱镜(MWP)无需中继,可构建微型傅里叶变换光谱仪。回顾了MWP的基本原理,从调制度定义出发,计算得到准单色光源的复相干度,找到调制度的影响因素——扩展视场、剪切结构、焦面探测等。建立一般的干涉定域分析模型后,由像点逆光路追迹给出MWP的厚度计算公式,代入调制度约束参数得到不同参量的误差容限。通过FRED记录不同视场扩展情况的灰度与辐照度,结果显示,调制度为0.9时,视场与理论估算值1.24°基本相符;不同剪切量的灰度与辐照度变化特性表明,结构角会使定域垂直系统光轴的入射角发生变化,与晶轴倾角共同影响双折射率差;2.5和8μm像元探测采样表现出调制度差异,描述了定域深度或离焦的影响。以准单色光源、复相干度表示调制度,可将不同影响因素统一至约束参数中,相关变量误差容限可作为MWP-FTS的设计依据。     

Porous ceramics with tailored pore size and morphology as substrates for coral larval settlement

The growing demand for stony corals as ornamental aquarium animals requires defined aquacultural breeding strategies. For the sexual propagation of corals, material substrates are needed, that attract larvae and support their settlement and development. In this study, five types of highly porous ceramic materials were developed following the example of coral skeleton. The applicability of these settlement substrates was tested using larvae of the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis. Partial sintering of pressed clay pellets, freeze casting of clay and alumina-mullite based slurries and direct foaming of high alkane phase emulsified suspensions (HAPES) using alumina were employed. By the addition of mm-sized spherical polystyrene beads as sacrificial templates during freeze casting (alumina-mullite), superficial pores in the size of the larvae were created. The inorganic substrates featured open porosities between 35% (pressed clay) and 83% (foamed alumina), pore sizes ranging from nm to mm-scale and pore morphologies dominated by interparticle porosity (pressed), lamellar pores (freeze casting) and cellular pore types (direct foaming). The ceramic substrates were incubated in artificial sea water for 3 months to induce necessary biofilm formation and algae growth. Afterwards, individual substrates were exposed to 5 coral larvae, and their settlement behavior was monitored over 14 days. At the end of this period, all ceramic materials were successfully accepted as settlement substrates, with a mean settlement rate of 46.2%, and no significant differences between the substrate types. On samples with large surface superficial pores, a significantly reduced survival of settled larvae (79%) compared to the other porous materials (93–98%) was determined, suggesting a non-ideal surface topography. While alumina foam samples (HAPES) exhibit the most promising results in terms of settlement and survival of larvae, clay-based substrates provide a more economic solution for the sexual propagation of corals in aquaculture.     

原始钻孔轨迹模型的建立及模拟方法的精度对比

建立原始钻孔轨迹模型,可以为各种轨迹模拟方法计算精度分析及误差因素量化分析提供数据基础。测点要素间的关系可以看作顶角、方位关于深度的函数关系,将这种函数关系模型化,可获得模型曲线的切向量关于深度的函数关系。以此为基础,用微分方法得到曲线三维坐标关于深度的导函数,再用积分方法即可得到原始钻孔轨迹模型曲线。该模型提供了不同弯曲强度条件下的原始钻孔测点要素和三维坐标,对全角半距法和最小曲率法2种模拟方法进行误差计算、对比和分析,验证了在计算精度上最小曲率法优于全角半距法。根据计算结果得出了2种方法在计算误差上的差异,并针对勘查钻孔和定向钻孔2种实际应用条件得出相应的计算精度。     

Thermal error compensation of a 5-axis machine tool using indigenous temperature sensors and CNC integrated Python code validated with a machined test piece

Achieving high workpiece accuracy is the long-term goal of machine tool designers. There are many causes for workpiece inaccuracy, with thermal errors being the most common. Indirect compensation (using prediction models for thermal errors) is a promising strategy to reduce thermal errors without increasing machine tool costs. The modelling approach uses transfer functions to deal with this issue; it is an established dynamic method with a physical basis, and its modelling and calculation speed are suitable for real-time applications. This research presents compensation for the main internal and external heat sources affecting the 5-axis machine tool structure including spindle rotation, three linear axes movements, rotary C axis and time-varying environmental temperature influence, save for the cutting process. A mathematical model using transfer functions is implemented directly into the control system of a milling centre to compensate for thermal errors in real time using Python programming language. The inputs of the compensation algorithm are indigenous temperature sensors used primarily for diagnostic purposes in the machine. Therefore, no additional temperature sensors are necessary. This achieved a significant reduction in thermal errors in three machine directions X, Y and Z during verification testing lasting over 60 h. Moreover, a thermal test piece was machined to verify the industrial applicability of the introduced approach. The results of the transfer function model compared with the machine tool's multiple linear regression compensation model are discussed.     

基于敏感度分析的机床关键几何误差元素辨识与评定

为了正确识别和判定机床关键几何误差元素对机床精度设计的影响,以PCV-620立式加工中心为研究对象,采用多体系统理论建立机床空间误差模型,从而得到机床几何误差元素与机床精度之间的关联函数。对空间误差模型进行灵敏度分析,获得机床各运动方向的局部灵敏度系数,完成机床关键几何误差元素的初步辨识。以局部灵敏度系数为基础,提出一种与局部灵敏度系数和工作空间中任意位置处的几何误差元素值相关的全局灵敏度系数计算方法,将其作为机床关键几何误差元素的辨识和评定标准,分析得到PCV-620立式加工中心的关键几何误差元素包含3项定位误差、3项垂直度误差和5项直线度误差。     

液压约束活塞发动机的流量脉动仿真分析

为研究间隙误差对液压约束活塞发动机流量脉动的影响,在ADAMS中建立其含有间隙误差的主运动系统动力学模型,将ADAMS中得到的模型数据导入AMESim中,建立液压系统模型。通过对比不同间隙误差模型的参数输出,分析间隙误差对系统流量脉动的影响。研究结果表明,在一定范围内,间隙误差对流量脉动有明显的影响,并随着间隙误差的增大而增加;而且,连杆大头和曲轴曲柄之间转动副径向间隙误差对系统流量脉动的影响最大。     

地应力套心解除法测量精度的校验方法研究

介绍了国内外空心包体应变计等套心解除地应力测试技术的基本情况,套心解除测试技术测量精度研究的现状,进行测量精度校验研究的依据和重要意义。提出了一种在岩石洞室进行校验试验的装置,论述了校验试验环境、物理模型组成、试验过程和试验真值获取注意事项。首次给出并重点论述了二维和三维地应力测量精度的定量表述方法,给出了量值综合误差、量值最大误差、角度综合误差和角度最大误差公式,以及多样本的平均误差公式。对上述测量精度误差公式的表述效果进行了讨论,对比了在“一般情况下”和“极端情况下”综合误差和最大误差表述方式的效果,明确了表述公式的适用性。     

双翻斗式雨量传感器自动调节检定系统设计

为解决超差双翻斗式雨量传感器在检定校准时精细定量调测问题,尤其针对：在大小雨强(4mm/min和1mm/min)测试时超差值为一正一负,目前只能通过目测观察法并依靠经验对容量调节螺母和定位螺母进行调节,这存在着一定的盲目性并且成功率低。提出了一套检定流程并利用红外光电传感器和步进电机模块,实现了上翻斗和计量翻斗的左右斗的翻动数据的定量测量以及定位螺母和容量调节螺母的自动调节,并且可自动记录和上传检定数据到上位机。结果表明：本系统能有效地判定和解决翻斗翻动平衡和协调性问题,并可为业务人员积累检定数据以便后续分析处理。     

A hybrid evaluation method for human error probability by using extended DEMATEL with Z-numbers: A case of cargo loading operation

Human error probability (HEP) evaluation and prediction is one of the most significant tasks to enhance human reliability in marine industry. Among various kinds of HEP evaluation techniques, the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) technique is regarded as an effective and empirical tool that has been widely adopted in various fields. However, current HEART techniques are insufficient to address HEP evaluation problem in which the self-assurance of expert's judgment and inter-dependencies between Error-producing conditions (EPCs) are considered. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop a hybrid HEART framework (H-HEART-F) to address this problem by integrating Z-numbers and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. First, the Z-numbers are introduced to model the uncertainty and self-assurance of evaluation information from various experts. Then, the Z-number power weighted average (Z-PWA) operator is proposed to aggregate the individual evaluation information into a group direct influenced matrix. Next, an extended DEMATEL method based on possibility degree measure is constructed to determine the proportion of effect of each EPC by considering the self-assurance of expert's judgment and inter-dependencies between EPCs. Finally, the HEP estimation for the cargo loading operation in oil or chemical tanker ship is presented to demonstrate the availability and feasibility of the H-HEART-F. After that, the sensitivity analysis and comparison study are conducted to further illustrate the reasonableness and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Decentralized optimal tracking control for large-scale nonlinear systems with tracking error constraints

In this article, a decentralized optimal tracking control strategy is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with tracking error constraints by utilizing adaptive dynamic programming (ADP). It should be noted that ADP technology cannot be directly used to solve decentralized optimal tracking problem of large-scale interconnected nonlinear system with nonzero equilibrium points, since that an infinite domain performance index function may result in an unsolvable solution. In addition, by introducing a smooth function, the constrained tracking error is transformed into an unconstrained one. Then, the error dynamics and a new infinite domain performance index function are designed, such that ADP technology can be used. Following the designed performance index function, the tracking error can be ensured within a small neighborhood of zero. Finally, the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed decentralized optimal control scheme are verified through two simulation examples.